![]() The Consortium for Execution of Rendezvous and Servicing Operations (CONFERS) is an industry-led initiative with initial seed funding provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) that aims to leverage best practices from government and industry to research, develop, and publish non-binding, consensus-derived technical and operations standards for OOS and RPO. However, the lack of clear, widely accepted technical and safety standards for responsible performance of OOS and RPO involving commercial satellites remains a major obstacle to satellite servicing becoming a major industry and could lead to mishaps that would put long-term sustainability of space itself at risk. The ability to approach, inspect, grasp, manipulate, modify, repair, refuel, integrate, and build completely new platforms and spacecraft on orbit would enable new business models, innovation, and opportunities in space. Finally, numerical simulations validate the performance of the proposed method.Ĭooperative on-orbit satellite servicing (OOS) and rendezvous and proximity operations (RPO) have the potential to foster the next economic revolution in space. With the proposed method, the FS is allowed to be arranged in the exact region without inaccessible targets, where the minimum number of the required FS and the minimized fuel cost are determined in turn. Based on that, a novel modified K-means clustering is proposed, in which the difficulty caused by the limitation of the SSC’s capacity is solved. To avoid building a fuel station at the exact position of the target in traditional M2M refueling, the problem is formulated as a location–allocation problem. Several FSs with their reusable SSC are arranged on GEO, while the SSC commutes between fuel-deficient targets and FSs to refuel the multiple targets. Multiple geosynchronous (GEO) spacecrafts with many-to-many (M2M) refueling, subject to the capacity of the servicing spacecraft (SSC) and the different fuel requirements of the targets. This paper investigates an optimal fuel station (FS) arrangement problem for The utility of OOS provides even greater utility when accepting higher failure rates of satellites, which can be mitigated by an OOS system compared to the comparative alternative of orbital spares. OOS provides higher utility over the comparative alternative of using spare satellites in some scenarios. Several OOS system architectures are modeled in various scenarios, and we will evaluate the utility tradespace in which OOS is beneficial. This paper analyzes the benefits of OOS in proliferated LEO constellations. These requirement reductions will enable lower risks, lower costs, and increased system resilience. OOS of s/c may enable the reduction of requirements on subsystems such as safety and the need for redundancy. Satellite constellations in LEO are becoming more distributed due to increased access, distributed risk, flexibility, and cost. ![]() Designing OOS systems for LEO constellations differs from that of GEO-based systems this difference is attributed to LEO’s proliferation of satellites, environmental effects (J2 nodal precession, drag), and different constellation patterns. However, there are currently no plans for OOS of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) s/c, aside from technology demonstrations, because of their shorter design life and lower cost. ![]() OOS missions for s/c in a geostationary orbit (GEO) are currently underway. On-orbit servicing (OOS) presents new opportunities for refueling, inspection, repair, maintenance, and upgrade of spacecraft (s/c). ![]()
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